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(Paris, 1892), p. 337; A. Khrushchev, Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 157–8.
4
FO 78/446, Finn to Aberdeen, 27 May 1846; 78/705 Finn to Palmerston, 5 Apr. 1847; H. Martineau, Eastern Life: Present and Past, 3 vols. (London, 1848), vol. 3, pp. 162–5.
5
Ibid., pp. 120–21.
6
FO 78/368, Young to Palmerston, 14 Mar. 1839.
7
Quoted in D. Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Palestine and Syria, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford, 1969), p. 9.
8
A. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 1, pp. 42–3; N. Shepherd, The Zealous Intruders: The Western Rediscovery of Palestine (London, 1987), p. 23; Martineau, Eastern Life, vol. 3, p. 124; R. Curzon, Visits to Monasteries in the Levant (London, 1849), p. 209.
9
FO 78/413, Young to Palmerston, 29 Jan. and 28 Apr. 1840; 78/368, Young to Palmerston, 14 Mar. and 21 Oct. 1839.
10
R. Marlin, L’Opinion franc-comtoise devant la guerre de Crimée, Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, vol. 17 (Paris, 1957), p. 23.
11
E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 1, pp. 57–8, 76.
12
FO 78/705, Finn to Palmerston, 2 Dec. 1847.
13
On the various interpretations of the treaty, see R. H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West (Austin, Tex., 1990), pp. 29–37.
14
Mémoires du duc De Persigny (Paris, 1896), p. 225; L. Thouvenal, Nicolas Ier et Napoléon III: Les préliminaires de la guerre de Crimée 1852–1854 (Paris, 1891), pp. 7–8, 14–16, 59.
15
A. Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856 (Paris, 1995), p. 69; D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 76, 82–3; Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 1, pp. 17–18.
16
A. Ubicini, Letters on Turkey, trans. Lady Easthope, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 18–22.
17
S. Montefiore, Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin (London, 2000), pp. 244–5.
18
W. Reddaway, Documents of Catherine the Great (Cambridge, 1931), p. 147; Correspondence artistique de Grimm avec Cathérine II, Archives de l’art français, nouvelle période, 17 (Paris, 1932), pp. 61–2; The Life of Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 3 vols. (London, 1798), vol. 3, p. 211; The Memoirs of Catherine the Great (New York, 1955), p. 378.
19
Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, p. 37; H. Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects of Conquest in the Eighteenth Century’, in id. (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 83–5; V. Aksan, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged (London, 2007), pp. 160–61.
20
Montefiore, Prince of Princes, pp. 274–5.
21
Ibid., pp. 246–8.
22
G. Jewsbury, The Russian Annexation of Bessarabia: 1774–1828. A Study of Imperial Expansion (New York, 1976), pp. 66–72, 88.
23
M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (London, 1994), p. 44; J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), pp. 30–32.
24
M. Kozelsky, ‘Introduction’, unpublished MS.
25
K. O’Neill, ‘Between Subversion and Submission: The Integration of the Crimean Khanate into the Russian Empire, 1783–1853’, Ph.D. diss., Harvard, 2006, pp. 39, 52–60, 181; A. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1772–1783 (Cambridge, 1970), pp. 144–6; M. Kozelsky, ‘Forced Migration or Voluntary Exodus? Evolution of State Policy toward Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, unpublished paper; B. Williams, ‘Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire’, Cahiers du monde russe, 41/1 (2000), pp. 79–108; M. Pinson, ‘Russian Policy and the Emigration of the Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire, 1854–1862’, Güney-Dogu Avrupa Arastirmalari Dergisi, 1 (1972), pp. 38–41.
26
A. Schönle, ‘Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s Appropriation of the Crimea’, Slavic Review, 60/1 (Spring 2001), pp. 1–23; K. O’Neill, ‘Constructing Russian Identity in the Imperial Borderland: Architecture, Islam, and the Transformation of the Crimean Landscape’, Ab Imperio, 2 (2006), pp. 163–91.
27
M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), chap. 3; id., ‘Ruins into Relics: The Monument to Saint Vladimir on the Excavations of Chersonesos, 1827–57’, Russian Review, 63/4 (Oct. 2004), pp. 655–72.
28
R. Nelson, Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument (Chicago, 2004), pp. 29–30.
29
Ibid., p. 30.
30
N. Teriatnikov, Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute (Washington, 1998), p. 3; The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, trans. S. Cross and O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), p. 111.
31
T. Stavrou, ‘Russian Policy in Constantinople and Mount Athos in the Nineteenth Century’, in L. Clucas (ed.), The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe (New York, 1988), p. 225.
32
Nelson, Hagia Sophia, p. 33.
33
A. Ubicini, Letters
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