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206
G. Croly, England, Turkey, and Russia: A Sermon Preached on the Embarkation of the Guards for the East in the Church of St Stephen, Walbrook, February 26, 1854 (London, 1854), pp. 8, 12–13, 26–7, 30–31. For similar sermons, see H. Bunsen, ‘The War is a Righteous War’: A Sermon Preached in Lilleshall Church on the Day of Humiliation and Prayer (London, 1854); R. Burton, The War of God’s Sending: A Sermon Preached in Willesden Church on the Occasion of the Fast, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); R. Cadlish, The Sword of the Lord: A Sermon Preached in the Free St George’s Church, Edinburgh on Wednesday, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); H. Howarth, Will God Be for Us? A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of St George’s, Hanover Square, on Wednesday, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); A Sermon Preached by the Rev. H. W. Kemp, Incumbent of St John’s Church, Hull, on Wednesday, April 26th: Being the Day Appointed by Her Gracious Majesty the Queen for the Humiliation of the Nation on the Commencement of the War with Russia (London, 1854); J. Cumming, The War and Its Issues: Two Sermons (London, 1854); J. Hall, War with Russia Both Just and Expedient: A Discourse Delivered in Union Chapel, Brixton Hill, April 26, 1854 (London, 1854); John, Bishop of Lincoln, War: Its Evils and Duties: A Sermon Preached in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln on April 26th, 1854 (London, 1854).
207
FO 195/445, Finn to Clarendon, 28 Apr. 1854; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London, 1878), vol. 2, pp. 130–31.
208
Tolstoy’s Letters, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 38.
209
A. Maude, The Life of Tolstoy: First Fifty Years (London, 1908), pp. 96–7.
210
‘Voina s Turtsiei 1854 g.’, Russkaia starina, 18 (1877), p. 327.
211
RGADA, f. 1292, op. 1, d. 6, l. 68; E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 1, p. 273; ‘Vospominaniia kniazia Emiliia Vitgenshteina’, Russkaia starina, 104 (1900), p. 190.
212
A. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 8 vols. (Moscow, 1900), vol. 8, p. 350.
213
FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 4, 20, 23 and 30 Mar. 1854.
214
E. Jouve, Guerre d’Orient: Voyage à la suite des armées alliées en Turquie, en Valachie et en Crimée (Paris, 1855), p. 115; FO 78/1008, Fonblanque to Stratford Canning, 27 Mar. 1854; FO 78/1014, Cunningham to Stratford Canning, 23 Mar. 1854.
215
RGVIA, f. 9198, op. 6/264, cb. 6, d. 14, ll. 101, 104, 106.
216
FO 78/1009, Fonblanque to Palmerston, 27 May 1854; Palmerston to Fonblanque, 10 July 1854.
217
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5417, ll. 41–4; E. Kovalevskii, Voina s Turtsiei i razryv s zapadnymi derzhavami v 1853–1854 (St Petersburg, 1871), pp. 203–15; S. Plaksin, Shchegolovskii al’bom: Sbornik istoricheskikh faktov, vospominanii, zapisok, illiustratsii i.t.d. za vremia bombardirovki Odessy v 1854 (Odessa, 1905), pp. 43–7.
218
RGVIA, f. 481, op. 1, d. 89, ll. 1–5; M. Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 4 vols. (St Petersburg, 1876), vol. 2, pp. 89–93; L. Guerrin, Histoire de la dernière guerre de Russie (1853–1856), 2 vols. (Paris, 1858), vol. 1, pp. 111–15; J. Reid, Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878 (Stuttgart, 2000), pp. 255–7; NAM 1968–03–45 (‘Journal of Captain J. A. Butler at the Siege of Silistria’).
219
NAM 1968–03–45 (‘Journal of Captain J. A. Butler at the Siege of Silistria’); RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5520, ch. 2, l. 62.
220
Tolstoy’s Letters, vol. 1, pp. 39–40.
221
Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 1, pp. 445–7.
222
B. Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War (The Hague, 1959), pp. 82, 109; NAM 1973–11–170 (Kingscote letter, 15 May, p. 2).
223
J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 30.
224
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 222.
225
P. de Molènes, Les Commentaires d’un soldat (Paris, 1860), pp. 58–9.
226
The Times, 26 Apr. 1854.
227
C. Bayley, Mercenaries for the Crimean: The German, Swiss, and Italian Legions in British Service 1854–6 (Montreal, 1977), p. 20. On the Irish in the British army, see D. Murphy, Ireland and the Crimean War (Dublin, 2002), pp. 17–25.
228
NAM 1968–07–289 (Raglan to Herbert, 15 May 1854).
229
NAM 1994–01–215 (Bell letter, June 1854).
230
A. Slade, Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events (London, 1867), p. 355.
231
NAM 1973–11–170 (Kingscote letter, 29 Apr. 1854, p. 3); Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 212.
232
J. Howard Harris, Earl of Malmesbury, Memoirs of an Ex-Minister, 2 vols. (London, 1884), vol. 1, p. 412; The Diary and Correspondence of Henry Wellesley, First
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